1. Summary

The study provides the implementation of a blockchain-based intelligent fleet management system that can revolutionize fleet operations by enhancing data security, improving transparency, and automating processes through smart contracts. This will ultimately lead to increased operational efficiency, reduced costs, and greater stakeholder trust.

Research in fleet management using blockchain will use methods like qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods, which will be used based on the research objectives described in the section on data collection techniques.

2. Introduction to Fleet Management System

Fleet management systems (FMS) are integral to the efficient operation of the logistics and transportation industries. These systems involve managing commercial vehicle operations, including routing, scheduling, fuel consumption monitoring, maintenance scheduling, and driver management. Integrating advanced technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and blockchain has revolutionized fleet management by enabling real-time monitoring with telemetry, predictive maintenance, and enhanced operational efficiency. (Sople, V. V. (2011)

2.1 Blockchain Technology in Fleet Management

Blockchain, a decentralized and immutable ledger technology, has gained prominence in various industries due to its ability to enhance transparency, security, and trust. In fleet management, blockchain can address data integrity, fraud prevention, and supply chain inefficiencies. (Attaran, M., Gunasekaran, A. September 25, 2019)

2.1.1 Characteristics of Blockchain Relevant to Fleet Management

• Decentralization: Eliminates the need for intermediaries, reducing costs and delays.
• Immutability: Ensures data integrity by preventing unauthorized alterations.
• Transparency: Facilitates trust among stakeholders through visible and verifiable transactions.
• Smart Contracts: Automates processes and enforces compliance through self-executing agreements.

2.2. Applications of Blockchain in Fleet Management

2.2.1 Supply Chain Transparency

Blockchain enables end-to-end visibility of goods and assets across the supply chain. Smart contracts can automate freight payment and delivery confirmations, reducing disputes and delays.

2.2.2 Asset Tracking and Maintenance

IoT sensors on vehicles collect real-time data such as location, speed, and engine status. Storing this data on a blockchain ensures its integrity and allows predictive maintenance based on accurate historical data.

2.2.3 Driver and Vehicle Authentication

Blockchain can securely store and verify driver credentials, vehicle registration, and insurance records. This minimizes fraud and ensures compliance with regulatory standards.

2.2.4 Fuel Optimization and Fraud Prevention

Fuel transactions recorded on the blockchain prevent tampering and ensure accurate billing. Smart contracts can automate fuel reimbursement based on predefined criteria.

2.3 Integration of AI and IoT with Blockchain

Blockchain significantly enhances the IoT and AI data collection process in Fleet Management Systems (FMS) by improving security, transparency, automation, and efficiency.

2.3.1 IoT for Data Collection

Below are some real-world examples of how blockchain is integrated with IoT and AI in fleet management.

• Real-Time Vehicle Tracking & Tamper-Proof Data Storage
• Predictive Maintenance & Automated Repairs
• Blockchain-Based Smart Contracts for Freight & Payments
• Secure Driver Performance Monitoring & Compliance
• Decentralized Fleet Data Sharing & Compliance Auditing

2.3.2 AI for Predictive Analytics

AI algorithms analyze the vast amounts of data stored on the blockchain to predict maintenance needs, optimize routes, and enhance driver performance. The synergy between AI and blockchain ensures both the accuracy of predictions and the security of the underlying data.

2.4. Challenges in Fleet Management Systems

These applications are shaping the future of fleet management, addressing both the current challenges of the industry and providing exciting opportunities for innovation using blockchain technology. The next few years will see rapid advancements as technologies like AI, IoT, and blockchain transform fleet operations.

2.4.1 Lack of Transparency

Fleet Management Systems rely on centralized systems where data can be manipulated or hidden, and fraud and misreporting can occur in fuel usage, vehicle maintenance, and route tracking.

2.4.2 Inefficient Data Management

Fleet operations involve multiple stakeholders’ drivers, fleet providers, logistics providers, regulators, and insurance companies), leading to data silos. Real-time data access is difficult due to fragmented systems.

2.4.3 High Costs and Manual Processes

Paper-based record-keeping and manual verification increase operational costs specially in muti-vendor environment where middlemen add to transaction fees and delays.

2.4.5 Security and Data Integrity Risks

Sensitive fleet data like customer location, vehicle maintenance records, fuel usage etc. can be hacked or altered which creates security risk under the cyber threats can lead to data breaches and loss of critical business information.

2.4.6 Delayed Payments and Financial Discrepancies

Payment disputes between transport companies and clients often arise due to lack of reliable tracking causes delayed settlements in supply chains affect cash flow.

2.4.7 Regulatory Compliance and Auditing Issues

Compliance with environmental, safety, and legal regulations requires accurate records. Fraudulent reporting and lack of audit trails create legal risks.

3. Definition of Terms in Blockchain and Fleet

Conventional systems often suffer from inefficiencies, a lack of transparency, and security vulnerabilities. Fleet management is critical for logistics, transportation, and supply chain efficiency, and blockchain will bring innovation with fleet management systems that manage operations intelligently. (Zahra Fakir, Fatima., Baydeniz, Erdem, 2024)

3.1 Blockchain Network

With its decentralized, immutable, and transparent properties, blockchain offers a transformative potential for fleet management. This research introduces the concept of blockchain-based intelligent fleet systems and outlines its applications, challenges, and opportunities. It is an emerging paradigm for immutable information storage and sharing (Tapscott, D., Tapscott, A. (May 10, 2016). It has the unique potential to improve sustainability communication by recording accountable information related to food sustainability at all supply chain stages, enabling query and verification of individual food products by supply chain actors. (Attaran, M., Gunasekaran, A. September 25, 2019)

3.2 Blockchain-Driven Supply Chain

Blockchain could be defined as a data structure that enables the implementation of decentralized software that stores transactions. Every block includes a list of transactions, plus some associated metadata (such as when such block was created, block number, block creator, and information concerning the previous block). Each block maintains a hash of the previous one, creating a chain of linked blocks. (Blockchain Technology, 2021)

• Real-Time Transparency: Blockchain ensures end-to-end visibility across the supply chain, enabling trust and traceability.
• Smart Contracts: Automated and immutable contracts reduce administrative overhead and ensure seamless payment and compliance.

3.3 IoT/RFID/Sensors

• Connected Vehicles: IoT sensors monitor vehicle performance, fuel efficiency, and cargo conditions in real-time.
• Smart Warehouses: Robotic systems manage inventory with precision, reducing waste and enhancing throughput.
• Live Tracking: Customers can track shipments down to exact locations and receive updates on potential delays.

3.4. Autonomous Transportation

• Self-Driving Vehicles: Autonomous trucks, drones, and ships dominate logistics, reducing human intervention and increasing efficiency.
• Hyperloop Systems: High-speed transportation networks for goods enable near-instantaneous delivery across long distances.
• Aerial Delivery: Advanced drone fleets manage last-mile deliveries, integrating with urban infrastructure like drone ports.

3.5 Internet of Vehicles (IoV)

The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is an advanced network where vehicles, infrastructure, and users interact seamlessly through communication technologies, enabling smart and efficient transportation. It integrates technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), blockchain, and 5G/6G networks to revolutionize mobility and logistics.

1. Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication (V2V):
   Vehicles exchange data about speed, location, and road conditions to avoid collisions and optimize traffic flow.
2. Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Communication (V2I):
   Vehicles interact with smart infrastructure like traffic signals, parking systems, and road sensors for real-time updates.
3. Vehicle-to-Everything Communication (V2X):
   Expand connectivity to include pedestrians, cyclists, and other road users for a holistic transport ecosystem.
4. Cloud Computing Integration:
   Centralized platforms process vast data from vehicles and infrastructure, enabling predictive maintenance, route optimization, and real-time analytics.

3.6 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

• Predictive Analytics: AI anticipates demand fluctuations, weather disruptions, and supply shortages to optimize routes and inventory.
• Personalized Logistics: AI tailors delivery options to individual customer preferences, offering hyper-personalized services.
• Dynamic Pricing Models: Machine learning adjusts shipping costs based on demand, traffic, and environmental factors.

4. Literature Review

This literature review will explore the existing studies on blockchain-based fleet management systems, highlighting their benefits, challenges, and future research directions under Blockchain Technology in Fleet Management Systems (FMS):

• Data Security and Transparency
• Smart Contracts for Fleet Automation
• Real-Time Tracking and Monitoring
• Fraud Prevention and Trust Building

The rapid evolution of fleet management has been driven by technological advancements, with blockchain emerging as a promising solution to enhance security, transparency, and efficiency. An intelligent fleet management system integrated with blockchain can address key challenges such as data integrity, trust among stakeholders, and real-time tracking. (Chen, X., & Lee, K. ,2020).

4.1 Industrial Case Studies

Case studies and industry adoption with several organizations have begun implementing blockchain-based fleet management systems. For example:

• Walmart: Integrates blockchain to track delivery vehicles and improve logistics efficiency.
  • DHL: Uses blockchain to improve transparency and efficiency in supply chain operations.
  • UPS: Explores blockchain for automating payment and settlement processes.

4.3 Statement of the Problem

Traditional fleet management systems face numerous challenges that hinder operational efficiency and transparency. These challenges include data manipulation, lack of trust among stakeholders, inefficient tracking mechanisms, and fraudulent activities such as fuel theft and odometer tampering. Additionally, integrating emerging technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) with legacy fleet management systems poses scalability and interoperability issues. Without a robust and secure system, fleet operators struggle to maintain data integrity, optimize logistics, and ensure compliance with regulatory requirements.

Therefore, there is a need for a blockchain-based intelligent fleet management system that enhances security, trust, and efficiency while mitigating existing operational challenges.

4.4 Significance/Rationale of the Study

Implementing a blockchain-based intelligent fleet management system can revolutionize fleet operations by enhancing data security, improving transparency, and automating processes through smart contracts, ultimately leading to increased operational efficiency, reduced costs, and greater stakeholder trust.

This study contributes to addressing key industry challenges by exploring blockchain’s capabilities in creating smarter and more resilient fleet management systems. It also highlights untapped opportunities for cost efficiency and operational excellence.

4.5 Objectives of the Study

• To assess the potential applications of blockchain in fleet management.
• To identify the key challenges of fleet management technology with blockchain.
• To propose a conceptual framework for blockchain-based fleet management.

4.6 Hypotheses and Research Questions

4.6.1 Hypothesis

A blockchain-based intelligent fleet management system will significantly improve operational efficiency, security, and transparency in fleet operations by providing an immutable ledger for data integrity, enhancing real-time tracking through blockchain-integrated IoT, and automating critical processes using smart contracts. This system will reduce fraudulent activities, optimize route management, and streamline fleet operations, leading to increased cost savings and improved stakeholder trust.

4.6.2 Research Questions

The research question or survey questions can be listed out as below distributed in sections:

4.6.2.1: General Understanding of Blockchain in Fleet Management

1. Integration of blockchain with IoT will improve Real-Time Vehicle Tracking & Tamper-Proof Data Storage

Strongly Agree	Agree	Neutral	Disagree	Strongly Disagree
1	2	3	4	5

2. Integration of blockchain will help in Predictive Maintenance & Automated Repairs

Strongly Agree	Agree	Neutral	Disagree	Strongly Disagree
1	2	3	4	5

• Blockchain implementation with fleet system will secure driver performance monitoring & compliance

Strongly Agree	Agree	Neutral	Disagree	Strongly Disagree
1	2	3	4	5

• Adoption of blockchain technology for small fleet operators brings cost benefits.

Strongly Agree	Agree	Neutral	Disagree	Strongly Disagree
1	2	3	4	5

• To enhance data security and transparency is the primary advantage of using blockchain in fleet management

Strongly Agree	Agree	Neutral	Disagree	Strongly Disagree
1	2	3	4	5

• Blockchain improves trust among fleet stakeholders by providing an immutable and transparent ledger.

Strongly Agree	Agree	Neutral	Disagree	Strongly Disagree
1	2	3	4	5

4.6.2.2: Smart Contracts and Automation

1. Smart contracts enable automated and trustless transactions in blockchain-based fleet management

Strongly Agree	Agree	Neutral	Disagree	Strongly Disagree
1	2	3	4	5

• Vehicle maintenance scheduling can be automated using smart contracts in fleet management.

Strongly Agree	Agree	Neutral	Disagree	Strongly Disagree
1	2	3	4	5

4.6.2.3: Security and Fraud Prevention

1. By recording transactions on a tamper-proof ledger blockchain prevents fraudulent activities such as fuel theft and odometer tampering.

Strongly Agree	Agree	Neutral	Disagree	Strongly Disagree
1	2	3	4	5

1. Distributed ledger technology feature of blockchain ensures that all fleet-related transactions are secure and cannot be altered.

Strongly Agree	Agree	Neutral	Disagree	Strongly Disagree
1	2	3	4	5

4.6.2.4: General Information

1. What is the primary business focus of your fleet?
   a) Food Delivery
   b) Last-Mile Delivery
   c) E-commerce
2. How many vehicles are in your fleet?
   a) 1–10
   b) 11–50
   c) 51–100
   d) 101+
3. What type of vehicles are predominantly used in your fleet?
   a) Motorcycles
   b) Cars
   c) Vans
   d) Trucks

e) Drones

4.6.2.5: Technology and Blockchain Integration

7. Are you using IoT-enabled devices for real-time vehicle tracking?
   a) Yes
   b) No
   c) Considering
8. Are you aware of blockchain technology for fleet management?
   a) Yes, and we use it
   b) Yes, but we don’t use it
   c) No
9. Are you interested in implementing blockchain for secure and efficient operations?
   a) Yes
   b) No
   c) Undecided

4.6.2.6: Customer Satisfaction

11. How satisfied are customers with your delivery timelines?
    a) Very Satisfied
    b) Satisfied
    c) Neutral
    d) Dissatisfied
12. What is the most common customer complaint?
    a) Late Deliveries
    b) Damaged Goods
    c) Poor Communication
    d) Other (Please specify) ___________
13. How do you gather feedback from customers about delivery experiences?
    a) Customer Support
    b) Surveys
    c) Social media
    d) No Feedback Mechanism

5. Methodology Research Design

5.1 Sample/Participants

The study targets stores, drivers, logistics companies, fleet managers, technology experts, and customers in blockchain and IoT, using purposive sampling for qualitative and quantitative analyses.

5.2 Operational Definitions of the Variables

In a Blockchain-Based Intelligent Fleet Management System, the dependent and independent variables will depend on the research objectives of the system, such as efficiency, cost reduction, or enhanced security. Below is an example breakdown:

5.2.1. Independent Variables

• Blockchain Implementation: The integration of blockchain technology in fleet management.
• Smart Contracts: The use of automated, self-executing contracts for fleet operations.
• IoT Integration: The use of Internet of Things (IoT) devices for real-time tracking and data collection.
• Regulatory Support: The presence of legal frameworks and policies supporting blockchain adoption.

5.2.2. Dependent Variables

• Operational Efficiency: Measured by cost savings, reduced delays, and optimized route management.
• Data Security and Transparency: Measured by the level of data integrity, reduced fraud, and improved trust among stakeholders.
• Fleet Performance: Measured by vehicle utilization, maintenance scheduling efficiency, and overall fleet productivity.
• Stakeholder Trust: Measured by the level of confidence and participation from fleet operators, regulators, and clients.

5.2.3. Relationships

• Blockchain Implementation → Data Security and Transparency: Blockchain ensures an immutable ledger, reducing data manipulation and enhancing trust.
• Smart Contracts → Operational Efficiency: Automated smart contracts eliminate paperwork and streamline transactions, reducing delays.
• IoT Integration → Fleet Performance: IoT-enabled real-time tracking helps optimize fleet utilization and predictive maintenance.
• IoT Integration → Customer Satisfaction: IoT-enabled real-time tracking helps customer and fleet managers maintain speed-of-delivery (SOS) and customer satisfaction.
• Regulatory Support → Stakeholder Trust: Clear legal frameworks and standardized policies improve adoption rates and confidence in the system.

5.3 Data Collection Techniques/Assessment Measures

This research in fleet management using blockchain technology will be qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods depending on the research objectives in the blockchain technology:

5.3.1 Qualitative Research

Use when exploring the challenges and opportunities of implementing blockchain e.g. studying how logistics companies perceive blockchain’s impact on transparency, efficiency, and security.

5.3.2 Quantitative Research

Use when exploring and measuring blockchain’s impact on fleet operations e.g. measuring cost reduction, fleet efficiency, and compliance in fleet tracking.

5.3.3 Mixed-Method Research

Use when exploring blockchain-based fleet efficiency metrics (quantitative) and fleet managers’ feedback, drivers’ feedback, and customer satisfaction matrices (qualitative).

The data collection has been made for various fleet types and orders delivered by the distinct fleet for a company.

5.3.4 Qualitative Analysis of Fleet Types

The analysis can be done for one financial year with types of fleets using the ANOVA analysis for the fleets.

Weeks	CAR	BIKE	DRONE	Total No. of Fleets
Week 1
Week 2
…
Week 52

5.3.5 Analysis on Fuel Consumption & Efficiency – Sample Case Study

The sample case study is for fuel consumption and calculating the savings and fuel efficiencies with the sample data sets, which include a total of one restaurant, with fleet-type bikes, using three drivers will be done adding IoT devices and capturing the telematics data.

Fleet #	Driver Name	Fuel Consumption (Before)	Fuel Consumption (After)	Orders Delivered (Before)	Orders Delivered (After)	Before /Order	After /Order	Aug Mileage	L/KM	Var L/Order	Saving/Order

5.4 Procedure

The procedure will be followed as per the method of research which can be explained in below sections:

• Qualitative Research Procedures

– Used when exploring the perceptions, challenges, and opportunities of implementing blockchain in fleet management.

Methods: Interviews, case studies, focus groups, thematic analysis.

Example: Studying how logistics companies perceive blockchain’s impact on transparency and security.

5.4.2 Quantitative Research Procedures

Used to measure and analyze blockchain’s impact on fleet operations.

Methods: Surveys, statistical analysis, simulations, blockchain transaction data analysis.

Example: Measuring cost reductions, efficiency gains, and error reductions in fleet tracking using blockchain.

5.4.3 Mixed-Method Research Procedures

Combines both qualitative and quantitative approaches.

Example: Conducting interviews with fleet managers (qualitative) and analyzing blockchain-based efficiency metrics (quantitative).

5.5 Ethical Considerations: Consent/Access and Participant’s Protection

5.5.1. Informed Consent

All participants involved in the research and implementation of a blockchain-based fleet management system must provide informed consent. They should be made aware of the purpose of the study, how their data will be used, and the potential benefits and risks associated with participation.

5.5.2. Data Privacy and Access Control

Given the decentralized nature of blockchain, ensuring data privacy is critical. Access to sensitive fleet data should be restricted based on user roles, with strict authentication mechanisms in place. Data anonymization techniques should also be employed to protect participant identities.

5.5.3. Participant Protection and Security

To prevent exploitation or misuse of data, all participants should be assured of their rights to withdraw from the study at any point. Additionally, cybersecurity measures must be in place to prevent unauthorized access to blockchain records.

5.5.4 Compliance with Ethical and Legal Standards

The research should comply with global and regional ethical guidelines, including GDPR, HIPAA (if applicable), and other regulatory frameworks governing digital data usage in fleet management.

6. Proposed Analysis

Quantitative data will be analysed using statistical tools to measure the impact of blockchain on operational metrics. Qualitative data will be analysed using thematic analysis to identify trends and insights.

6.1 Future Research Directions

6.1.1 Enhanced Scalability Solutions

Exploring Layer 2 solutions and sharding techniques to address blockchain scalability challenges.

6.1.2 AI-Driven Smart Contracts

Integrating AI to create adaptive smart contracts capable of learning and evolving based on historical data.

6.1.3 Sustainable Blockchain Solutions

Developing energy-efficient consensus mechanisms to minimize the environmental impact of blockchain networks.

7. Limitations and Delimitations

• Limitations: Access to proprietary data and limited blockchain implementations in UAE regions.
• Delimitations: Focus on logistics and transportation industries, excluding other sectors.

8. Time Frame of Dissertation

• Phase 1: Literature review and proposal development (Months 1–3).
• Phase 2: Data collection and preliminary analysis (Months 4–7).
• Phase 3: Data synthesis, framework development, and final write-up (Months 8–12).

By addressing these challenges, this study offers a roadmap for the integration of blockchain technology in fleet management systems revolutionize the industry by enhancing security, transparency, efficiency, and automation. Blockchain ensures tamper-proof data storage, IoT enables real-time tracking, and AI optimizes route planning, maintenance, and compliance. Together, these technologies eliminate fraud, reduce operational costs, automate payments, and improve decision-making. As fleet operations become increasingly complex, adopting a blockchain-based intelligent fleet management system will be essential for businesses aiming to achieve sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and regulatory compliance. This innovation not only streamlines logistics but also paves the way for a more trusted, data-driven, and future-ready transportation ecosystem.

9. List of References

1. Zahra Fakir, Fatima., Baydeniz, Erdem. The Future of Blockchain in Tourism and Hospitality: Global Insights. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2024 · ISBN:9781040257821, 1040257828
2. Tapscott, D., Tapscott, A. (May 10, 2016). Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology Behind Bitcoin Is Changing Money, Business, and the World. United States: Penguin Publishing Group. ISBN:9781101980156, 110198015X
3. Attaran, M., Gunasekaran, A. September 25, 2019, Applications of Blockchain Technology in Business: Challenges and Opportunities. Germany: Springer International Publishing. ISBN:9783030277987, 3030277984
4. Blockchain Technology: Applications and Challenges. (2021). Germany: Springer International Publishing. ISBN:9783030693954, 3030693953
5. IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing
6. Enabling Regulatory Compliance and Enforcement in Decentralized Anonymous Payment
7. Mar.-Apr. 2023, pp. 931-943, vol. 20 DOI Bookmark: 10.1109/TDSC.2022.3144991
8. Liang Xue, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo,
9. Talha Talukder, A. A., Mahmud, Md. A. I., Sultana, A., Pranto, T. H., Haque, A. B., & Rahman, R. M. (2022). A customer satisfaction centric food delivery system based on blockchain and smart contract. Journal of Information and Telecommunication, 6(4), 501–524. https://doi.org/10.1080/24751839.2022.2117121
10. Sople, V. V. (2011). Supply Chain Management: Text and Cases. India: Dorling Kindersley (India). ISBN:9788131760994, 8131760995
11. Utilizing Blockchain Technologies in Manufacturing and Logistics Management. (2022). United States: IGI Global. ISBN:9781799886990, 1799886999
12. Chen, X., & Lee, K. (2020). Smart Contracts for Automated Fleet Management. Journal of Transportation Technology, 12(3), 45-58.
13. Gupta, R., Sharma, P., & Verma, S. (2021). Blockchain Security in Fleet Data Management. International Journal of Blockchain Applications, 9(2), 112-128.
14. Nick Vyas, Aljosja Beije and Bhaskar Krishnamachari, Kogan Page, Blockchain and the Supply Chain: Concepts, Strategies and Practical Applications
15. Imran Bashir, Packt Publishing, Mastering Blockchain: Inner workings of blockchain, from cryptography and decentralized identities, to DeFi, NFTs and Web3, 4th Edition
16. Rajdeep Chakraborty, Anupam Ghosh, Valentina Emilia Balas and Ahmed A. Elngar, Chapman & Hall, Blockchain Principles and Applications in IoT
17. Sonali Vyas, Vinod Kumar Shukla, Shaurya Gupta, Ajay Prasad, CRC Press, Blockchain Technology: Exploring Opportunities, Challenges, and Applications
18. Winston Ma and Ken Huang, Wiley, Blockchain and Web3: Building the Cryptocurrency, Privacy, and Security Foundations of the Metaverse
19. Ravi Sarathy, The MIT Press, Enterprise Strategy for Blockchain: Lessons in Disruption from Fintech, Supply Chains, and Consumer Industries (Management on the Cutting Edge)
20. Kim, H., Park, J., & Lee, S. (2021). Fraud Prevention in Fleet Management Using Blockchain. Logistics and Supply Chain Review, 14(1), 89-102.
21. Wang, L., & Lin, C. (2022). Scalability Challenges in Blockchain-Based Fleet Systems. Blockchain in Transportation Journal, 6(4), 200-217.
22. Zhang, Y., Zhao, L., & Chen, M. (2022). IoT and Blockchain for Fleet Tracking. Future Mobility Research, 8(1), 50-68.
    

10. Appendices

10.1 Glossary

1. FMS – fleet management system
2. IoT – internet of vehicles
3. AI – Artificial Intelligence
4. RFID – Radio-Frequency Identification
5. IoV – Internet of Vehicles (Internet connect vehicles)
6. V2V – Vehicle to vehicle communication
7. V2I – Vehicle to infrastructure communication
8. V2X – Vehicle to everything communication
9. telemetry – automatically collects, transmits and measures data from remote sources, using sensors and other devices to collect data.
10. decentralized – the transfer of control and decision-making from a centralized entity (individual, organization, or group thereof) to a distributed network.
11. immutable ledger – a record-keeping system where the data entered can’t be altered, tampered with, or deleted.
12. smart contracts – digital contracts stored on a blockchain that are automatically executed when predetermined terms and conditions are met.
13. supply chain – the network of all the individuals, organizations, resources, activities and technology involved in the creation and sale of a product.
14. route – path of digital maps used to track the fleet from one location to another.
15. blockchain networks – an advanced database mechanism that allows transparent information sharing within a business network.
16. security vulnerabilities – man-in-the-middle, Sybil, and 51 attack types that exploit insecure nodes. Blockchains are vulnerable to traditional phishing and endpoint vulnerabilities.
17. list of transactions – fleet delivery product information with sensitive data about the product, fleet and customer (PII).
18. metadata – data about the fleet information.
19. chain of linked blocks – blocks build and used under the blockchain network.
20. traceability – ability to trace the status of the fleet with real time on maps coordinates.
21. Blockchain – A decentralized, distributed ledger technology that records transactions securely and transparently across multiple nodes.
22. Smart Contracts – Self-executing contracts with terms written in code, enabling automation of processes like payments and compliance in fleet management.
23. Decentralized Ledger – A shared, immutable database used in blockchain to ensure transparency and trust in fleet operations.
24. Immutable Records – Data stored on the blockchain that cannot be altered or deleted, ensuring security and reliability in fleet logs.
25. Distributed Network – A network structure where data is stored across multiple nodes, preventing single points of failure in fleet management.
26. Fleet Tracking – The real-time monitoring of vehicle location, status, and performance using blockchain technology.
27. Data Integrity – The accuracy and consistency of stored data, ensured by blockchain’s tamper-proof ledger.
28. Supply Chain Transparency – The ability to trace vehicle parts, fuel usage, and maintenance history using blockchain technology.
29. Smart Fleet Contracts – Automated agreements programmed to enforce terms like vehicle leasing, insurance, and payments within the blockchain.
30. Smart Warehouses – a large building in which raw materials and manufactured goods are stored that uses machines and computers to complete common warehouse operations previously performed by humans.
31. Hyperloop Systems – a vehicle based on floating pods that could reach speeds of up to 1,200 km/h and levitate in a network of steel tubes at low pressure.
32. Aerial Delivery – future of delivery mode using the sky route with drones.
33. Personalized Logistics – a fleet with customer preference deliverables.
34. Machine Learning – a branch of artificial intelligence (AI) focused on enabling computers and machines to imitate the way that humans learn, to perform tasks autonomously, and to improve their performance and accuracy through experience and exposure to more data.

Feel free to leave your comments, corrections, and/or feedback in the researcher’s email inbox at researcher.vkt@gmail.com will consider your inputs and update this scope to make more valuable contribution to the context.